Fine chemical production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fine concoction creation - Essay Example Synthetically, citral comprises of a blend of a couple of aldehydes (terpenoids) having comparable atomic equation yet various structures. The two mixes are viewed as twofold bond isomers with the E-isomer being alluded to as citral â€Å"a† or geranial while Z-isomer is known as citral â€Å"b† or neral. In spite of the fact that citral normally happens in mixes, for example, lemon grass and can be detached from these citral containing oils, it is just accessible in sizable amounts. For successful engineered assembling of citral for a huge scope reason for mechanical purposes, it is progressively getting essential to have a manufactured strategy for fine creation from straightforward, modest yet promptly accessible business synthetic compounds, for example, isoprene and bata-pinene among others. Citral is broadly utilized in the assembling of scents, salves, creams, shampoos and flavorings. Furthermore, the concoction compound is likewise a significant reason for orchestrating an assortment of famous scent mixes, for example, geraniol, eugenal, ionones and citronellol just as in making carotinoids utilized for both nutrient An and E. Being one of the most significant non-cyclic monoterpenes because of its various mechanical applications, citral has numerous manufactured courses some of which are as of now being utilized in business creation of the compound. This paper presents a fine compound creation of Citral including its science, manufactured course choice, thermodynamics, energy and squanders issues. The current chose engineered course for the creation of citral includes the utilization of isobutene and formaldehyde as the essential taking care of stocks with nitric corrosive as the favored selection of impetuses. Utilizing this strategy, citral can viably be created by from the response among isobutene and formaldehyde atoms under high temperatures and weight and utilizing an impetus. The resultant concoction is then exposed to various exceptional

Critical Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven The WritePass Journal

Basic Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven Presentation Basic Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Raven IntroductionReferencesRelated Presentation Edgar Allen Poe, when individuals see his name many consider terrifying or melancholy.â He has composed numerous scholarly works that have gone through the ages and become works of art contemplated everywhere.â The Raven distributed in January of 1845 by The Evening Mirror was the sonnet that heightened Poe into artist status. Initially it is said that Poe went to his previous manager a man named Rex Graham and attempted to offer the sonnet to him yet was obligingly declined yet given 15 dollars as a basic charity.1 He later offered the sonnet to The American Review which gave him 9 dollars for it yet distributed under a nom de plume Quarles which was an English artist at the time.â It was not until January 29, 1845 that The Evening Mirror gave Poe his acclaim and distributed The Raven under his real name.â The sonnet was a moment achievement and set his composing vocation soaring.â There was a lot of discussion and conversation about the significance and the imagery of this sonnet once published.â It created a serious ruckus in the abstract community.â Critical sentiment was partitioned with regards to this sonnets status yet it has stayed one of the most well known sonnets at any point composed. Due to the sonnets extraordinary achievement Poe composed a subsequent exposition called The Philosophy of Composition which portrayed the working of The Raven.â He expressed that the sonnet was composed as though it was a numerical problem.â He focused on that the peruser must have the option to peruse the sonnet completely in only one sitting.â He trusted you lost the significance of the sonnet and the peruser on the off chance that they needed to return to it.â They ought to have the option to take it across the board read.â Poe expressed that a sonnet should remain something close to a hundred lines.â The Raven has precisely 108 lines.â This sonnet was really composed backwards.â He composed the third to the last refrain first and afterward composed in reverse from there.â He expressed that the impact was resolved first then the entire plot so the web will develop in reverse from that point for a solitary effect.â Poe was an incredible devotee that to genuinel y compose anything one should initially have a really extraordinary plot. The imagery in The Raven has been the most discussed. Poes utilization of a raven in his sonnet has consistently been of extraordinary interest.â Many accept he drew from numerous references.â In Norse folklore Odin had two ravens Huginn and Muninn which spoke to however and memory. The book of Genesis describes the raven as a feathered creature of sick omen.â According to Hebrew fables, Noah sends a white raven out to check conditions while on the ark.â It discovers that the rising waters are subsiding, yet doesnt return quickly with the news.â It is rebuffed by being turned dark and compelled to channel on remains forever.2 As indicated by Adams in Ovidss Metamorphoses, a raven likewise starts as white before Apollo rebuffs it by turning it dark for conveying a message of a darlings unfaithfulness.3â â A ton of his faultfinders accept this is a portion of the history he may have pulled upon when choosing about what kind of flying creature to use.â By picking the raven it made the sonnet increasingly dim and extraordinary , particularly when Poe is portraying the condition the youthful sweetheart is sitting in while pining over his lost Lenore.â In The Philosophy of Composition Poe expressed that he had really considered utilizing a parrot for the winged animal yet it didn't give the heavenly and premonition feeling that the raven would. The ravens just verbally expressed word through the entire sonnet is nevermore.â To give this more force in the sonnet he has the fowl arrived in a roost on the bust of Pallus.â This speaks to the goddess of wisdom.â He picked this with the goal that when the raven expresses the words nevermore it will perhaps give him a quality of knowledge rather stock and store being the main word he knows and just talks it randomly.â He accepted by utilizing the raven and having it express this single word all through the entire sonnet it made the nevermores substantially more impressive when spoken in light of the storyteller or youthful keeps an eye on questions.â Each time the storyteller would pose an inquiry the raven essentially addressed nevermore.â He needed to utilize something that would be completely non-thinking so it would have a ground-breaking meaning when talking, in this way the utilization of the winged creature. The sonnet is about a purportedly youngster who is sitting alone on a dull and grim December late evening pining over the loss of his one genuine romance Lenore.â He is perusing books of legend to help facilitate the torment of his loss.â It is then that he hears the tapping on the chamber entryway and opens it to discover just void. One can nearly feel the dreariness and the solitariness he probably felt being separated from everyone else in his investigation with scarcely a fire left and everything dim around him.â It nearly is letting you think he is totally lost in his own hopelessness from his loss.â Everything is dreary and dark.â When the raven comes a tapping he from the outset is frightened and afterward begins scrutinizing that possibly it is something else.â He trusts it could be the fiend come to torment him over his loss.â He says the raven is from the evenings plutonian shore or an emissary for the afterlife.â When after every request he gives the flying creature it just reacts as nevermore.â At first the nevermore reaction is taken as a senseless flying creature that has just learned just single word and has incidentally flown from his lord place, however when the winged animal really shows up and sits upon the bust of Pallus the youthful storyteller begins to think perhaps there is a whole other world to this raven than meets the eye. At the point when the winged animal has roosted upon the bust the youngster is entranced by his essence and pulls up a chair.â He is presently thrown in the shadow of this strange fledgling and can't leave his spot.â He accepts a wide range of things of this fowl continually asking about his lost Lenore. Â The feathered creature basically answers nevermore.â This from the start unsettles the man however as the sonnet proceeds towards the end he just concedes that his spirit is caught perpetually under the ravens shadow not to be lifted nevermore.â Here is the point at which one can imagine how this is the defining moment where the youthful storyteller has at long last surrendered to his trouble and essentially doesnt need to go on any longer without his darling Lenore. The sonnet is really sad.â A youngster has lost the affection for his life and is just alone in this world and is experiencing difficulty considering going on without his missed and grieved love. The entire state of mind of this sonnet is very Poe.â Its dim and despairing and terrifying no big surprise such a significant number of have republished it.â Another thing this sonnet is noted for is its idyllic structure.â This sonnet was comprised of 18 refrains with 6 lines each.â According to Richard Kopely the meter is trochaic octameter-eight trochaic feet for every line, with each foot having one focused on syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.4â â â Poe guarantees that the sonnet is a mix of octameter acatalectic, heptameter catalectic and tetrameter catalectic.â The rhyme plot is ABCBBB or AA,B,CC,CB,B,B when representing the interior rhyme.5 Another structure that this sonnet utilizes intensely is alliteration.â Alliteration is the redundancy of consonant sounds in a progression of words.â A model would be, for example, questioning, dreaming dreams.â Edgar Allen Poe was additionally revealed as having an extremely broad jargon. He would ordinarily utilize words that were not normally used.â In The Raven Poe utilized antiquated and beautiful language together on the grounds that he thought it was proper on account of the significance of the poem,â A youthful darling who invests the vast majority of his energy with books of overlooked Lore.â Examples of words he utilized in this sonnet are Seraphim which is a six winged holy messenger remaining within the sight of God. Another is Nepenthe which is a mixture utilized by people of old to actuate neglect or sorrow.â Balm of Gilead is a relieving salve made in Palestine. Plutonian the God of the black market in Roman folklore. Poe accepted the utilization of these words just upgraded the importance he needed to accomplish recorded as a hard copy The Raven.â â The inner expressions of rapping and tapping and snoozing make an inward rhyme that is supposed to be practically melodic and joined with the similar sounding word usage it becomes hypnotic.â Onomatopoeia is likewise utilized all through this poem.â This is words that sound like what they describe.â A model would be in lines 13-18 where stirring is utilized. As referenced before the distribution of The Raven made Edgar Allen Poe and moment success.â Not just was it printed for its enormous interest yet in addition parodied.â These appeared everywhere throughout the North.â There were a few ruins to this publication.â Although cherished and loved there were some who basically didn't accept he really composed it.â Some accepted he took it from a Charles Dickens Story titled Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty.â The ravens in the two stories are said to endure an incredible resemblance.â A mysterious essayist is said to have sent in to The Evening Mirror the distribution who printed The Raven and proposed that it was copied from a sonnet called The Bird of the Dream by an anonymous author.â They expressed that 18 likenesses between the sonnets existed.â At Poes passing his companion Thomas Chivers guaranteed that Poes Raven was appropriated from one of his sonnets and furthermore asserted he was the motivation for the meter of the poem.â Whatever the case Edgar Allen Poe will consistently be the one credited for the extraordinary masterpiece.â Many conjecture that he composed this sonnet in either 10 days or perhaps 10 years one will never know.â This sonnet didn't bring him much money related achievement yet made him an abstract success.â His companion Elizabeth Barett composed and revealed to Poe that his raven had made a major sensation over in England.â Many of her companions are overwhelmed with dread while others are by the music the verses appear to show as you read.â

American Federation of Teachers Essay

The proceeded with drive to improve instruction and to help the enactment of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) strategy of the legislature has pushed the area of Georgia to make a successful structure of surveying and testing understudies of their capability in the various domains of training. By doing such, the region consents to the enactment and strategies as well as simultaneously guarantees that the proceeded with need of understudies in the assistance of training is achieved. Seeing the three reports ideas of likeness can be seen. Looking carefully these similitudes have well in truth have to do with the norms set by the region of Georgia with the respects to capability measures. Likewise, there is a comparability in the target and basis that an improvement of such measures is important to accomplish the ideal instructive needs of understudies in the study hall. Ultimately, there is by all accounts accentuation and significance on making fitting techniques inside the study hall situation. This implies the two instructors and understudies are relied upon something to contribute for the general assistance of study halls. Then again, the two archives have their own disparities. One significant contrast that can be found in the article are their relative degrees One article centers around the general system and thoughts in Georgia concerning the improvement of gauges that will upgrade understudy training. Then again, the other article grandstands an examination of more profound arrangements of guidelines. This implies each point and target is explained all the more unmistakably and brought down to per level class. This arrangement assists perusers with understanding the intricacy and profundity of such activity. With this understanding, legitimate studying and contentions can emerge which later can add to a superior improvement of activities that can encourage and direct change for understudies and educators inside the study hall. Making gauges are a necessary part in the general help of learning inside the study hall arrangement. This is on the grounds that it upgrades the degree of information bestowed to understudies and simultaneously. â€Å"Introducing guidelines in the homeroom will increase the learning experience by directing understudies toward accessible plan and showcasing instruments, and best industry rehearses. † (Schultz, 2005) Furthermore, the making of principles implements the completion and acknowledgment of data of understudies inside the study halls. â€Å"By building up gauges for instructor ability in understudy appraisal, the affiliations buy in to the view that understudy evaluation is a fundamental piece of instructing and that great educating can't exist without great understudy evaluation. † (American Federation of Teachers, 1990) By incorporating these guidelines, it can make an indispensable part in the general procedure of learning and help of instruction. Improving understudy learning requires an exhaustive comprehension of issues spinning around a specific subject. Thusly, it gives the instructors the important data that they have to continue and create strategies satisfactory for understudies needs. First these archives fill in as (1) an additional device for application. Seeing the improvement of writing gives choices for instructors to apply appropriate plans in study halls. Second, it portrays approaches in the field of instructive advancement of understudies. â€Å"Students can't accomplish elevated levels of execution without access to talented expert instructors, satisfactory study hall time, a rich exhibit of learning materials, obliging work spaces, and the assets of the networks encompassing their schools. † (NSES, p. 1) Lastly, these records advance uniformity in the study halls as far as tending to the necessities of every entertainer. By understanding the significance of understudy and teacher’s needs, targets can be aligned to all the more likely suit the study hall. At long last, writing has demonstrated that by making norms, issues in instruction and understudy needs can be tended to. Appropriately applying these principles inside the study hall should be done with the goal for understudies to profit of the best possible measure of training they have to support their comprehensive turn of events and tries. References American Federation of Teachers. (1990) Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students. Recovered April 24, 2008 from http://www. unl. edu/buros/bimm/html/article3. html National Science of Education Standards. National Science Education Standards: An Overview. Recovered April 24, 2008 from http://www. snooze. edu/readingroom/books/nses/diagram. html Schultz, D. (2005) Standards in the Classroom in ASTM International. Recovered April 24, 2008 from http://www. astm. organization/SNEWS/JULY_2005/schultz_jul05. html

Characterization of Rice Husk Varieties in Uganda for Biofuels - Free Essay Example

Uganda has registered recent successes in rice production making it a potential rice basket for Eastern Africa (Africa Rice Center, 2013). The remarkable rice boom in Uganda is attributed to good farming practices, premium market prices, and favorable policies that have stimulated large private investment in the rice sector over the last few years. As a result, paddy production jumped from about 120,000 t in 2002 to more than 220,000 t in 2011 (Africa Rice Center, 2013). Rice husk (RH) is the waste generated during the milling process of rice. On average 20% of the paddy rice is husk (Giddel and Jivan, 2007), giving an annual global total production of about 144 million Mt (FAO, 2011). Several conversion techniques exist that can be utilized to extract energy from rice husks. They include thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and physico-chemical conversion techniques (Delivand et al., 2011). Besides the use of rice husk for production of biofuel, it can also be used to manufacture bio-products such as particle boards, insulation boards, ceiling boards and as a fertilizer. Moreover, the burning of rice husk under controlled conditions generates rice husk ash (RHA) which is a valuable material for industrial applications due to its high silica content. RHA contains 87â€Å"97% silica which can serve as a source for many silicon-based materials (Rozainee et al., 2008). In addition, the ash from biomass fuel contains only trace amounts of heavy metals, which makes them fairly easy to dispose off and can also be a good fertilizer (Olanders and Steenari, 1994). Despite the potential benefits associated with rice husk, only about 17% of the rice husk produced globally, find an application per year (Ankur, 2010), suggesting that very large quantities become a waste. The common practice of burn-ing rice husk without heat recovery and openly dumping of these wastes still prevails especially in developing countries to which Uganda is no exception (UNEP, 2009). In other places, the rice husk is left to rot in situ, subsequently emitting greenhouse gasses (GHG) and causing other environmental problems (Jeng et al., 2012). Moreover in many develop-ing countries, the utilization of rice husk is constrained by unavailability of improved technology. The chemical differ-ences between biomass components directly influence their chemical reactivities. This is why the knowledge of the total amount of each component is crucial to predict the efficiency of a biomass conversion process (Ando et al., 2000). Similarly, the utilization of RHA depends on the com position of ash which in turn depends on the plant species, growth conditions and ash fraction (Demirbas, 2005). This study therefore set out to investigate the properties of rice husk from ten selected rice varieties in Uganda. This was done so as to precisely determine the possible technologies for potential utilization of the husks from each rice variety. Additionally, an economic comparison was made to evaluate the benefits of electricity production from rice husks as opposed to diesel engine gen-erators. Materials and methods Sample collection and preparation Ten varieties of rice grains were collected from one geograph-ical region in Uganda. The samples were de-husked in an identical de-husker. Approximately one kg of husk from each rice variety was carefully kept in separate sampling bags. The samples were each subsequently milled to pass through a 1 mm mesh sieve using a 1093 cyclotec sample mill for sub-sequent characterization. Characterization of rice husk varieties The characterization work involved bulk density, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose analyses. Three experimental runs were conducted for each parameter and then the average value obtained. References: Please cite this article in press as: Olupot, P.W., et al., Characterization of rice husk varieties in Uganda for biofuels and their techno-economic feasibility in gasification. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. (2015), https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.11.010

Education Field Using The Synthesis Method Of Research...

Kinesthetic Learning in the Classroom In the past, the classroom setting was seen as very black and white with desks lined up in rows all facing the front of the classroom. In this setting, the teacher would lecture his or her students for hours on end. Following these long drawn out lectures, students would receive written exams over what they had just learned. However, this style of learning and teaching has become out of date and students and classrooms are all suffering. There is however, a better way for students to learn in a more creative and interactive way that will be more effective and fun for the students all at the same time. This study will be focused in the education field using the synthesis method of research studies. This study is focused on proving that when movement is implemented into the classroom setting, it creates a better learning environment for students and helps them develop a more permanent understanding of what they are learning. The brain is a very powerful tool for the young mind and must be nurtured in order to reach its fullest potential. The classroom is the number one place where this nurturing should take place. However, this is not the case in schools all across the country. When the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was put into effect, standardized testing began to take over the classroom and soon funding was cut from various school programs. This included programs such as physical and health education. Instead, this funding andShow MoreRelatedMy Choice For Choosing A Career807 Words   |  4 Pagesacademician and a researcher, seeking to expand the boundaries of knowledge and learning in the field of pharmacy. My choice for selecting a career in pharmacy is truly based on my natural flair towards science. As the wonders of sciences in high school inspired me, I decided a career in the area of Medical Pharmaceutical Sciences. The desire to study medical sciences prompted me to consider the study of pharmaceutical sciences as I was always adept at the conceptual understanding of science andRead MoreCompare the Lib vs Google Article959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first article I chose was, â€Å"Review of the evidence for oral health promotion effectiveness,† which is from the Health Education Journal. The other article is titled, â€Å"A systemic review of the effectiveness of health promotion aimed at improving oral health† which I Google and found in Community Dental Health. Both articles have the same objectives in promoting research, understanding and assessing evidence for effectiveness of oral health. The difference is that the article from CommunityRead MoreDesign And Development Case Study1285 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents intellectually, and making communication easier in education (Amgad AlFaar, 2014; Fan et al., 2016; Hollinderbaumer, Hartz, and Uckert, 2013). 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During my term in the organization as an Engineering student, I was responsible to control the vehicle by sensing the obstacles that come across using the IR Sensors. In this report I have Read MoreResearch Methodology: Qualitative Methods of Data Collection Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagescarry out my study. This study will use a qualitative approach to study and address the issue of the lack of healthy eating promotion in schools. The three types of data collection I plan to use are: direct observation, focus groups and a questionnaire. These methods will be clarified later in this chapter. Rationale for Qualitative Methodology Qualitative research is an approach that attempts to situate an activity that locates the observer in the world by providing the study to occur in

Modern Day Color And Sound Motion Pictures - 1323 Words

â€Å"The desire for a sense of motion, action, and narrative (cinema’s roots) stretch all the way back to prehistory with cave drawings†¦ In fact, the entire history of human accomplishment in the visual arts seems to reveal a deep seated desire to represent time, space, and action visually- and as vividly as possible†. (Lewis 5) Throughout history, people have exhibited a need to be entertained and a need for hope or something to look forward to. Without anything to live for, something to strive for, life can prove to be meaningless. From the production of cave drawings to the creation of modern day color and sound motion pictures, story telling has always been a part of human existence. A look at the history of the development of the†¦show more content†¦The invention of moving pictures began in 1875 in California when Leland Stanford, the governor of California, got into a disagreement with a rival gambler about whether or not all four hooves of a horse are ever off the ground at the same time. To get to the bottom of this argument, â€Å"Stanford hired Eadweard Muybridge, a British born entrepreneur and renowned photographer† to set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and capture the stages of the horses gallop with timed exposures. (Lewis 8) This technique, known as the â€Å"battery-of-camera† technique, brought photography leaps and bonds closer to cinema. After proving that all four hooves of a horse are indeed off the ground at the same time, Muybridge took his series photographs on the road where he not only exhibited his work but also talked about the technology that produced it. It was at one of these shows that Thomas Edison met with Muybridge and became â€Å"interested in producing a more sophisticated simulation of movement on film than Muybridge’s series photographs could ever have produced†¦ He had plans to develop a system that might sync serial images with recorded sound playe d back on the Edison phonograph†. (Lewis 9). After meeting with Muybridge, Edison enlisted photographer William Kennedy Laurie Dickson to help him take technology one step further and create a camera that could take a sequence of pictures with a single load

The Argos and Littlewoods

Question: Write an essay onThe Argos and Littlewoods. Answer: The Argos and Littlewoods Plc. the two high street catalogue retailer united with Hasbro Limited in the toy market of United Kingdom. They are engaged in the price agreement with Hasbro. By deciding price of the toy by colluding or cooperating with each other, these three companies characterized the toy market as oligopoly market. The market is oligopoly in nature due to the limited number of firms that are the large (Sushko 2013). These two firms influences the price of the products of Hasbro and make agreement with this toy company regarding the price they will charge for the products from Hasbro. The toy market is characterized as oligopolistic market because; both Littlewoods and Argos sell identical toys from Hasbro in the market. However, these two firms are also engaged in the differentiating the toys that it distributes by offering several varieties or offering a discriminative price from its competitor. In the toy market, there is barrier to entry. This is because; it is qui te hard for the new firm to compete with the already established big enterprises. It cannot take full advantage of the market as the existing firms like Agros and Littlewood Plc have already captured a significant share of the market. In the oligopoly market structure, the numbers of producers are less. As a result of this, the firms are interdependent. One producer considers the reactions of the rivals before taking an action. This allows the firm to be engage in the collusion. The firms under oligopoly might be co-operative or non-cooperative. The firms might co-operate while agreeing upon the price and quantity to be sold. This is a collusive model, where, firms agree to act together while deciding the price and quantity (Roux and Thni 2015). With agreement of setting price and quantity by all oligopolistic firms will extract same result like the firm under monopoly. The profit generated will be divided or shared among the firms that have participated in the market. In this case, the co-operative collusion would take place. In some cases, it might happen that no matter of what actions the rival firms are taking, the firm has the best strategy. This is dominant strategy. The firms may be non-cooperative and make decision based on expectations, and guesses. This is non-collusive behavior (Okuguchi 2013). Through equilibrium, the outcomes are realized, as the firms do not communicate directly. This extracts the same results like the firms under perfect competition. This is less profitable and hence there is possibility that the firms collude with each other. The firms face threats of retaliation if they take non-cooperative strategy; therefore, this possibility of the oligopolistic market structure led the firms to collude in the market. The collusion may not be cheat-proof in an oligopolistic model. The firms engaged in an oligopoly market can cheat on the cartel agreement (Escrihuela Villar and Guilln 2014). Suppose the collusive firms decided to charge monopoly price for a certain level of output. However, one can cheat by charging lower price and expand their share of output. The government of India operates the Indian Railways. There a re huge numbers of buyers of the railway services, but there is one sole service provider in this sector. Hence, it is characterized as a monopoly market. Since there are no other firms in this market, the railway board enjoys the market power and decides the fares or charges of availing this service (Agarwal 2014). It enjoys the monopoly power. Moreover, there are restrictions from the legislations that no company can enter this market; therefore, there is also barrier to enter the market. In addition to this, infrastructure of this sector requires huge initial investment, which is quite impossible if government has not occupied this sector. The development of the railway service also requires R D activities. Hardly any private firm will take up this initiative, hence, all the features of Indian Railways indicates that it falls under the monopoly market. If this market had been a monopolistically competitive, the government would have lost some of its power over the price determina tion. The price charged by the railways would have been competitive. Moreover, there will be tough competition among the firms, in terms of price setting; quality of services; punctuality of the train timings and so on. The railways of India would have been more efficient in nature. References Agarwal, S., 2014. Indian Railways: A Monopoly Organisation.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(10). Escrihuela Villar, M. and Guilln, J., 2014. On the Sustainability of Collusion in a Differentiated Oligopoly with a Cartel and a Fringe.Bulletin of Economic Research,66(S1), pp.S132-S137. Okuguchi, K., 2013.Expectations and stability in oligopoly models(Vol. 138). Springer Science Business Media. Roux, C. and Thni, C., 2015. Collusion among many firms: The disciplinary power of targeted punishment.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,116, pp.83-93. Sushko, I. ed., 2013.Oligopoly dynamics: Models and tools. Springer Science Business Media.